Tuesday, December 29, 2009

Shark Fishing


A couple of months ago, I went to this sleepy little town in Ecuador, known all over the world for its diving opportunities. While in the small town, it became very obvious to me that there were many sharks in the small town that were being hauled dead by the local fishermen, on a daily basis. But it took me a while to notice that I never really saw any sharks when I was diving. Not a single, solitary shark did I see in all those days that I spent in that sleepy little town diving. So, I asked myself why?

So, some basic web researching made me see the bigger picture and now I realize (in spite of all those ads on TV) that shark decimation caused due to shark fishing is a worldwide problem. Yes, there are a handful of small organizations out there that are dedicated to coming up with various campaigns to prevent shark fishing. But, what I have noticed over the years is that there are very few large conservation organizations, or even the media who are talking about the sharp decline in sharks. Orangutans and panda bears are so cuddly and cute and when they call out for help, the dollars start pouring in. sharks on the other hand are looked upon as ferocious monstrosities that patrol surrounding coastlines and surfing beaches, just waiting to eat people. The truth however, could not be farther than this.

While it would be downright stupid to suggest that sharks are cuddly creatures, or that they don’t ever attack innocent people, tell me when was the last time you saw a bunch of picnickers laying down a picnic hamper in a tiger’s or lion’s territory? Yet we donate thousands and thousands of dollars with the effort to save these animals from becoming extinct. Why not do the same for sharks? Like tigers, sharks also invoke in us the same feelings of fear and awe. Meeting this sleek, muscle bound and fearful killing machine face to face would be like staring death in the face. Yet you have to admire the feelings of awe and fear that they invoke in us.

Shark fishing has indeed become a very serious problem. Since nature has blessed sharks with a very low reproductive rate so that they don’t overwhelm the reefs that they are meant to protect, this same low fecundity is actually what threatens them today. This low reproduction rate in sharks makes their extinction loom closer as they are unable to cope with the massive demand of the shark fin soup trade in the Far East. Owing to shark fishing, their numbers have plummeted by a shocking 98%! In the last 15 years itself. It has been estimated that nearly 100,00 tons of shark are being removed each year all over the world.

The first warning sirens of shark extinctions have only now started to be publicized, but there is still no serious media involvement or airtime given to the subject. If this situation continues for some more time, it will soon be too late. Actions needs to be taken now, and it needs to be done fast.

The oceans and marine life receive less attention than their land-inhabiting counterparts perhaps because they are not easily accessible and filming the cruelty shown towards sharks and other forms of marine life is not as easy.

It is all very well, but many articles state that sharks are the top of the food chain without really explaining any further as to why they are on top and what would be the effects is they were removed from the top. It is impossible to save a particular ecosystem without saving those that lie at the top of the food chain, and similarly, it isn’t possible to save those lying at the top of the food chain without saving the ecosystem.

Studies have shown that if sharks were all removed from the food chain, then the predators lying in the middle would become too predominant and the ocean reefs would become overwhelmed by these species, as a result of which the reefs would suffer greatly. And, the health of the reefs is what we need to be concerned about the most. The reefs are considered to be the lungs of the oceans, as they are the home to many different Microsystems – a home within a home. This is where most species of fish are born, and this is where they grow up unhindered by the lurking dangers of the great oceans. In damaging the reefs, we are more or less damaging our oceans. In engaging in shark fishing activities, we are directly damaging these reefs systems over which the sharks hunt.

Many anti shark fishing organizations and protesters state that more protection is needed for our sharks. If you hear about the atrocities that they are subjected to, you’ll probably never touch seafood again. Many sharks are caught, finned and then thrown back into the waters still alive, to die a slow and painful death. Banning shark fishing wont give the sharks any respite. The fishermen will still continue to fish for sharks even if shark fishing is outlawed, all they have to do is keep the body on board and the numbers of these creature will continue to decline.

It is however, very unlikely that we will get a worldwide ban on shark fishing, but the least we can do is put pressure on our MP’s and other political representatives to maintain sustainability of current shark stocks and to increase legislation. The least we can do is stop ourselves from ordering shark meat and shark fin soups when we go out for dinner. That is the least we can do. Shark fishing has got to stop.

Florida’s Big Problem: Snakes in the Grass are Big as Phone Poles


Florida, land of sunshine, endless beaches, palm trees, and resort hotels, is also home to a growing number of Burmese pythons. In Florida’s Everglades National Park, 95 pythons were captured last year, not counting a 13-footer that exploded after trying to eat an alligator. In February, a group of tourists at the Pa-hay-okee Overlook came upon a battle between an alligator and a python, with the snake wrapped around the alligator in a tight embrace. After a fierce struggle, the alligator rolled over and grabbed the snake in its mouth, swimming off as the victor. Another group of tourists later watched another battle between a snake and an alligator at the Everglade’s Anhinga Trail. After spending more than 24 hours in the mouth of the alligator, the snake was able to break free and slither off into the marsh.

The Burmese Python is a popular—and legal—pet snake in the United States. In the last five years, there have been nearly 150,000 Burmese pythons imported into the US, and hatchlings can sell for as little as $20. But once the cute baby snakes turn into 15-foot-long beasts that eat more than their owners do, many people decide to just get rid of their pets by releasing them into the wild. The snakes are perfectly at home in the Everglades’ water, heat, and vegetation, and they have no predators.

"All of the Burmese pythons that we see in the park are a product of the international pet trade," said Skip Snow, a wildlife biologist at Everglades National Park. Snow’s office maintains a "python sightings" hotline so people can alert them to snakes on the loose. Since the mid-1990s, park rangers have had to respond to a steadily increasing number of calls about Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. The problem is getting much worse now because the snakes are most certainly breeding in the park. They have been found eating squirrels, black rats, possums, and even house wrens.

Wildlife officials are worried because the snakes, which can grow to 20 feet long, may also be preying on native mangrove fox squirrels and wood storks, and they could be competing with the eastern indigo snake for both food and space. The eastern indigo snake is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species. There are also increasing serious concerns about human safety as well, since the mammoth snakes are able to subdue and kill alligators, which are much stronger than human beings.

To keep the problem from getting even more out of hand, state Rep. Ralph Poppell is proposing a bill to add Burmese pythons to Florida’s list of regulated reptiles. The bill, which could force python buyers to complete state training, buy a license, and face jail time if they release their snakes into the wild, is being heard in committees on both sides.

The Burmese python is just one of thousands of non-native animals and plants that have invaded the United States in the last few decades. Florida has become overrun by exotic creatures that are not indigenous, such as African monitor lizards and vervet monkeys, and other states are facing similar problems. Although some invasive species arrive here by accident, stowing away on cargo ships or inside packing materials, many plants and animals enter the U.S. legitimately as part of a booming trade in exotic pets, plants, and food items. A survey earlier this year showed that 16 species of non-native tropical fish have been found at 32 locations along the southeast coast of Florida—all of them most likely introduced when hobbyists got tired of their aquariums and dumped their fish into the ocean.

Florida is not alone in dealing with the problem. The emerald ash borer, a metallic green Asian beetle that arrived at a Great lakes port in wooden packing material a couple of years ago, has destroyed over six million trees in Michigan. The African clawed frog, native to Kenya, eats almost anything and breeds prolifically. The frog has completely taken over Lily Pond in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, altering the ecosystem by eating insects, fish, and even birds. The only way to prevent them from spreading would be to kill them, but doing so would cost millions of dollars and California can’t afford it.

The ecological impact of the growing threat from non-native species is a grim one. Invasive species are a leading cause of species endangerment and extinction worldwide. Almost half of the species on the endangered species list in the United States are there because of threats to their habitat from introduced species. Steven Williams, director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, says that invasive species are the number one environmental threat to the United States. Experts say the US has been too slow to act in response to this growing problem, and is now paying the price. Once invasive species are established, they are virtually impossible to eradicate, so the focus is now on simply controlling them.

Increased global travel and trade have only served to exacerbate the biological pollution. The booming trade in exotic animals as pets has compounded the problem, with Miami International Airport reportedly receiving 70 foreign shipments each day, some containing thousands of animals such as tarantulas, lizards, and snakes. Many of the species are illegally imported, and less than 3 percent of cargo containers are actually opened and checked. But many of the exotic animals are legal, including 22 of the 24 python species known around the world. Snow, the Everglades National park biologist, knows that the problem is a grave one that he deals with every single day. He has just one thing to say to pet owners who may have grown tired of their exotic animals: "Please don’t release them into the wild."

Injured Bird - What to Do


Injured Bird - What to Do?
The following are some things that one can do when one encounters an injured bird.

Reduce Stress: Whether or not it shows signs of physical injury, a bird that has suffered from an impact is bound to be traumatized. It will appear stunned and scared. The first approach of a human being for injured bird treatment is to call a veterinarian or a local animal rehabilitation center. If help arrives on time, nothing like it. However, till then your priority should be make the bird's environment as stress free as possible. Keep children, pets and stray animals away from an injured bird.

Calm the Bird: Gently pick up the bird, with your hands over the wings, pressing the wings close to the bird's body. However, do not press the bird hard, just hold it firmly. You could put a towel around it and then handle it. To help it breathe comfortably, hold the bird up erect while picking it up and then place it in a cardboard box which is large enough for it to fit in comfortably. Make holes in the box for it to breathe, beforehand. Also line the insides with some soft material. Ensure that the box is well ventilated and place it in a dark corner. Keep the bird in this box for an hour or two. In the absence of any stimuli, the bird will calm down on its own. After this, take the bird out to an open space and remove the lid of the box. If the bird hasn't suffered any injury and has recovered from the trauma, it will fly off on it's own. Read more on building bird boxes.

Be Careful: One word of caution though. The injured bird that you have encountered could be of a wild variety. It is best to let them be where they are. However, ensure that the place is free of any distractions. You could also cover it with a perforated box without moving it away from the place. In many states, it is illegal to treat wild birds. Be sure of the state laws before you treat any bird. If you have to pick it up, then for your own safety wear gloves while handling the bird. Read more on bird identification.

Do Not Feed the Bird: Be it water or bread, never feed an injured bird. Different types of birds have their specific food habits and no, their menu definitely does not read like ours. Trying to feed them may just increase their trauma. Never give bread to birds as that may cause diarrhea. Besides the injury, it is improper handling that adds to the stress of an injured bird.

How to Treat Injured Bird?
It is advisable not to treat a bird on your own, unless you are left with no choice and are sure of what you are doing. Also check with the rules of the state. In many countries, only licensed individuals are allowed to care for specific species of birds. Nevertheless in case you are left with no choice as I mentioned earlier, here is what you can do:
  • In case it seems that the bird has been injured by a cat, the wound needs to be cleaned as the greatest risk due to cat attack is contracting infection. Hydrogen peroxide works well for this purpose.
  • If the bird suffers from a broken wing, cut the toe-end of a sock and put the bird in it. Let its head out of the cut end. This is to minimize any movement of the injured wing. Be very careful while handling such a bird. You definitely don't want to damage its wing any further, do you?
  • In case the bird is bleeding, styptic powder, baking soda or cornflour is suggested by some, although, I personally don't have any experience with them. You could also place a gauze pad over the wound and press it firmly to stop the bleeding.
But are you sure that the injury has been caused due to a cat attack? Or are you confident that you can examine the bird for a broken wing without further causing it any damage? Birds are fragile creatures and need to be handled with great care. In case you are in a situation where you are wondering 'what to do for an injured bird', ensure that you get professional help at the earliest.

As for my dilemma about the little injured bird, thankfully, it was not seriously hurt. I just did what I have discussed in the initial paragraphs - I put it in a warm and well ventilated cardboard box, in a dark place. About an hour later, the bird flew away on its own. Thank God for that; my approach towards the injured bird treatment worked. That's how my story goes about injured bird - what to do. I used my judgment and it worked out fine. Hope it does for you too. All the best!

Five Greyhound Training Mistakes


Despite the abundance of greyhound training sources found in the web or from word of mouth, many dog owners are still having difficulty training this athletic breed. These difficulties are more likely the result of misconceptions and trivial mistakes on the owner's part. However, these mistakes, if not corrected may lead to more serious problems over time.

In order to yield successful greyhound training and have a healthy pet-owner relationship, the following training mistakes are best avoided:

1. Unaware of the breed's personality.
Many people often made the mistake of bringing home a new pet without enough knowledge on what they are getting into. Though seems a minor issue, not knowing about the breed's temperament, health concern, grooming needs and training requirements are actually big factors for a happy dog-owner relationship. It is important that potential owners must assess themselves to determine if the breed is right for them and their lifestyle.

2. Untimely training.
While the quote "you can't train old dogs new tricks" is claimed untrue by many dog enthusiasts, it is always best to start training a dog at an early age. Socialization should took place between three to six weeks of age for it is during this period when training has a lasting influence on your dog's ability to develop social relationship in the days to come. Failure to socialize a puppy at an early age may cause aggression which can be solved with proper socialization. However to most dogs, three weeks of age may be too early for obedience. Tricks and command training may start at eight weeks of age.

3. Not knowing what training method works best for greyhound.
With so many training method suggested by other dog owners, trainers as well as advice from the web, some owners will probably feel at a loss as to what method works best for their greyhound. When choosing what to use on your pooch, it is very important to consider the breed's personality. Being a gentle and affectionate breed, punishment-based training may not be effective to this breed. Chances are, the said method may only lead to issues such as aggression or submissive behavior. Most experts recommend positive training for this method is proven effective not only to greyhound alone but to most breeds as well.

4. Too much expectation.
Just like in the game of life, expecting too much from your dog may lead nowhere but to frustrations. And frustrations may lead you to give up or abandon the creature you originally think will make a perfect addition to your family. Dogs are intelligent creatures but that does not guarantee that they will be able to learn a certain command after an hour or so. It will take time and effort before Fido can finally perform commands such as sit, stay and down in a perfect manner.

5. Owner's role.
Of all people, the owner has the most important role in achieving successful greyhound training. The owner must not only know what's hot and not on training but must also be consistent, determined and patient.

Monday, December 28, 2009

The Dogs Of Fashion


As winter arrives in the northern parts of the world and we break out our down filled parkas, our fleece lined ski jackets, long-johns, hats and mittens - do we stop to think of our four legged friends and companions? Well, most of us don’t, which is hard to imagine seeing as he’s one of our best friends. Most of the dogs that we keep have not been bred for a severely cold climate. They were bred for size, companionship, show and as working dogs. Only the Spitz-type dogs such as the Alaskan malamute and the Huskies were bred for cold climates. These are large dogs with heavy mass and thick coats that are able to retain and maintain their body heat. Many of the larger short haired breeds such as the Bulldog, Boxer, Dalmatian and Great Dane appreciate a sweater in cold weather. However, most of the dogs we have as pets in our homes are from the medium to smaller dog breeds. These dogs, because of their smaller body mass and typically thinner coats, can get cold very quickly. Their extremities, being smaller, have a greater chance of being damaged by the cold than do the larger breeds. Small and toy dogs have an extremely hard time maintaining and retaining their body heat. At worst frigid air, snow or slush can cause your dog to get frost bite and at best it will certainly make her him not want to go outdoors for exercise, walks and toileting. One of the best ways to protect your pet from the elements is to kit them out with specialty dog clothes designed to keep them warm. Like our own clothing, the materials used are designed for comfort and durability. Fleece, cotton and nylon are commonly used in the construction of doggie coats, capes, sweaters, shirts and boots. If you want keep your dog comfortable in cold weather you will need to purchase at the very least a coat or cape (to help retain body heat) and fleece lined nylon boots (to protect the feet from snow and cold). Almost any pet store will have dog apparel to suit most breeds. To find larger sized clothes (for breeds like the Greyhound) or specific brands and styles, you may have to search out an on-line store that carries these products.

Aggressive Puppy


This scenario is a common occurrence with almost all new puppy owners. Biting is something, that comes with birth in puppies. It's a way for them to prove their dominance and strength. Puppies do not part away with this quality of theirs, even when they leave their canine family and join ours; they come with them! Initially the biting may not be so pronounced or painful and that's why most owners ignore such a behavior. However, as puppies grow, so does their aggressive behavior, which can no longer be referred to as a playful nature. So, it is extremely important for owners to put a period to such a trait, before it takes the form of something irreversible. In short, 'Nip the evil in the bud'. So, here's what you can follow and consider while correcting the behavior of an aggressive puppy. Read more on dog behavior. Aggressive Puppy Training Whatever methods you chose for the 'puppy aggression', you must ensure that the other members of the family are also aware of the techniques. This would help in making the training consistent and effective. Read more on dog training. The first step in taking care of an aggressive puppy behavior is, to know when to say a 'No'; a firm and a bold one. Whenever you feel that the puppy is trying to bite you or put his teeth on you, catch hold of his muzzle and make the puppy listen to a loud 'No', coming from you. You must hold the muzzle tight but ensure that it's not too much. This technique has to be repeated consistently whenever the puppy is showing any signs of biting or nibbling on you. This technique also works for the correction of an aggressive puppy's growling. Read more on dog bites. Aggressive puppy biting may sometimes need more than just saying 'No'. When you sense that your puppy is turning a deaf ear to your saying 'No', then you need to confine him to his kennel or leave him alone in another room. This act will help the puppy to understand that what he is doing is undesired and unacceptable by his owner. The games you chose also matter when dealing with aggressive puppies. Play games which do not involve the puppies to struggle or make use of their strength. For example, teasing the puppy by holding a toy just out of his reach, would encourage him to lunge to get hold of it and this would only heighten his aggressiveness and frustration. So, playing light games is important for controlling the aggressive behavior in puppy. Read more on dog obedience training.
Another smart method to do away with aggressive puppy biting is, to make use of a spray product (Bitter Apple, for example). Use the spray on just about anything which you suppose would be an object for your puppy to bite onto; even on your hands. When your puppy tries to put his mouth onto something, the flavor will make him instantly regret his decision. Whilst the training, cover your hands with the spray and let it dry for sometime. Thereafter, just go for a casual play with your puppy and let his natural instincts drive him to put his teeth on you (which he would if wants to bite you). The unpleasant flavor of the spray would give him an 'Unpleasant' experience and most hopefully, he would start refraining from this behavior.

Friday, December 25, 2009

Endangered White Tiger


First a brief history on the endangered white tiger: white tigers are very rarely seen in the wild. In the last 100 years, only 12 white tigers have been spotted in the wild in India but they have long since been passed off as a myth. White tigers instill a sense of unmatched beauty and awe but common folklore portrays them as the beasts of death or bad omens. So, while they may indeed be idolized by some folks, they are brutally hunted down by others.

This however was the fate of one such tiger, called Mohan, who was captured as a baby in the 50’s by a Maharaja and his hunting crew. Mohan was then destined to be caged and would from there on father a considerable portion of the world’s captive endangered white tiger population. Since the dramatic features and characteristics of the white tiger are the result of a recessive yet rare gene, all white tigers kept in zoos are now the descendents of Mohan or some of the other captive orange tigers whose recessive genes took over through special breeding programs. White tigers now represent a very disproportionate part of the captive tiger population, when compared to that of the natural world. The very rarity of these majestic creatures and the pressure put on the zoos from collectors to produce more and more white tigers means that the breeding pools of today go back to just a handful of closely interbred individuals.

The white tiger controversy in the zoos is a lot do with ethics, but is even largely related to economics. Owners of these endangered white tigers say that these animals make very popular exhibits and help by increasing the zoos revenues as well as attendance. Most genetic defects tend to be recessive and are generally masked by the normal genes, but in the case of the white tiger, with the persistent inbreeding taking place, genetic problems are accumulating and are amplified resulting in high mortality rates and severe disabilities. Approximately 80% of the white tiger cubs die from serious birth defects that are closely associated with the inbreeding that is necessary to create that white coat.

Of the few that survive, most have apparent birth defects, like retinal degeneration, strabismus (cross eyes), scoliosis of the spine, cleft palates, clubbed feet, kidney abnormalities and immune deficiency. This means that only a small percentage of these tigers are suitable as exhibits are tend to be poor performers, and so after all the efforts and expenses spent on breeding them, they are finally not even used for the purpose they were intended to be used for. Additionally, the physical problems that are related to these tigers also include mental impairments like unpredictable behavior and depression.

For every perfectly handsome white tiger that is being exploited to earn customer/tourist cash, there are anywhere from 60 to a few hundreds of these ‘deformed’ white tigers that are not show to the public – some suffer from debilitating birth defects, some are stillborn, some suffer from blindness, cross-eyes, deafness, hip or leg deformities, and so on. Most don’t even live for long and generally die fast. So, what happens to all those deformed white tigers what survive?

And keep in mind that selective breeding is also a very risky thing. There is no guarantee that you will get white tiger cubs every single time you breed. So that takes us back to the question – what happens to all the deformed babies? Killed, abandoned, tortured, abused – just like the puppies and kittens of those kitten and puppy mills. Some of these cubs are sold to the Chinese medicine trade.

The plight of these deformed tigers may very well seem surreal. In light of all this, it is understandable how some people deem the deformed white tiger as just a figment of a wild imagination, or probably a tale right out of the Twilight Zone. But when you have respectable entities like the New York Times carrying stories about the plight of the endangered white tiger, there can be absolutely no doubt to all but the most insular, that the deformed white tiger is now a reality wrought by who else? – Humans!

The Treatmentof Farm Animals


At the beginning of this year, the Ward Egg Ranch in California killed approximately 30,000 of its hens that were no longer productive by throwing them into wood chippers.

When Cypress Foods began experiencing financial difficulties at the beginning of last year, the company did not feed more than one million chickens on its farms in Florida and Georgia for more than two weeks. About 20,000 of the birds died, and more than 180,000 of them ended up being euthanized.

Both of these cases are extreme because the cruelty involved was so severe and so many animals were affected. However, mistreatment of animals on farms tragically is not at all unusual. In fact, it is an everyday occurrence.

So-called "broiler chickens" are selectively bred and given growth hormones so the birds will have especially large thighs and breasts. These practices do create plumper chickens and thus maximize profits, but also make birds so heavy that their bones cannot support them.

Turkeys also are selectively bred and given growth hormones, and as a result often die before becoming 1 year old if they’re not slaughtered beforehand.

Severe overcrowding in pens often causes pigs, which are very intelligent and social creatures, to fight amongst themselves and in some cases kill each other.

To help ensure that pregnant sows will not be harmed, they usually are confined in gestation crates, which prevent them from not only turning around, but lying down comfortably.

Many cows never get out of the barns in which they’re kept.

Since few farms are adequately prepared for emergencies, many animals die during heat waves, natural disasters, power outages and so on.

In order to address these issues — and others — Humane Farm Animal Care is soon going to begin a "Certified Humane Raised and Handled" labeling program that will identify "meat, poultry, egg or dairy products from animals raised at facilities meeting precise, objective and humane standards for farm animal treatment."

In order to obtain permission to place the "Certified Humane" label on products, producers and processors will have to:

*provide proper nutrition and access to fresh water at all times
*not use feed containing hormones or antibiotics intended to promote growth
*take appropriate disease prevention measures
offer sufficient space and shelter
*provide the company of other members of animals’ species
*comply with the American Meat Institute Standards for slaughter

The label will significantly help to improve the lives of farm animals, especially if consumer demand for products bearing it is strong. However, more must be done.

Many existing farm regulations were enacted before the creation of large, so-called "factory" farms, and thus do not address practices unique to such establishments. The use of gestation crates, for example, is banned within the United States only by the government of Florida.

If farm animals are to receive humane treatment in the future, consumers, legislators and law enforcement officials all must act.

How To Feed A Guard Dog


Guard dogs have extremely important jobs and they can end up serving on patrol duty, in riot control, shore watch, sentry duty and warehouse duty to name but a few. They need to be trained to a high standard and they need to have a lot of stamina too. This means that a good diet is needed to keep their energy levels up.

What You Should Feed a Guard Dog

All guide dogs need a high level of energy to do their jobs properly. They tend to be on duty for quite a long time and that means that there is no room for a lack of energy. Anything could happen and the dog would need to be able to jump in at any time when needed. Also, they are always under some form of stress, especially in riot situations.

You would think that a guard dog would be better suited to high caloric foods which have 1500 to 1600 calories per pound, but unfortunately not even these foods are good enough. Usually guard dogs are only fed once a day and that means that they need to eat a small amount in that sitting and it has to have an extremely high caloric intake to be sufficient enough to carry them through the day. This means that the food has to have the right nutrients as well as high energy levels too.

One thing which many people do not like about patrol guard dogs is the fact that they tend to leave their stools everywhere and due to the food that they eat, it can be quite smelly as well as look a mess! Workers do not like to have their dinner or morning coffee having to smell the remains of dog stools! There is a way in which this problem can be controlled however and that is to stick to a food which is high in energy but low in dry food. It is the indigestible dry matter which causes the problem and if you reduce that then you should be OK. The stools will become less frequent and they will also not smell as badly as they did before.

Overall guard dogs need high energy food which does not have much dry matter. The food should exceed 1600 calories per pound and they should be fed one meal per day. This way they will keep their maximum performance and their energy levels will be up all day.

One last tip is to feed a guard dog out of raised dog bowls. This will reduce the amount of air ingested during feeding, which makes digestion more efficient and creates less gas.

Wednesday, December 23, 2009

Take Care of Your Horse’s Smile


Here are some facts about the cutting edge of equine dentistry. You may think horse dentistry is a new fad, but there is nothing new under the sun. When our livelihoods depended on equines, horse dentistry was a lively profession for practitioners in every county. Well-known in Europe in the fourteenth century, the observation of horse's teeth goes back at least two thousand years. For the past couple of centuries, Europeans have had a particularly strong interest in horse's teeth. The tools which were being made by the end of the nineteenth century would still not be out of place in a modern horse dentist's set of tools – although diamond technology has brought advances in cutting, burring and grinding tools, which uncannily grind tooth enamel while leaving softer tissues such as the inside of cheeks unscathed on contact. There are currently about 25 horse dentistry tool manufacturers in the U.S.

So, what does an equine dentist do, and which horses could benefit from their practices? An equine dentist basically equilibrates a horse's teeth in a number of ways. Horses in the natural state do not usually require dentistry, the same as they do not require a furrier. Free-roaming horses eat a lot of hard plants with a high woody content, as well as grasses with silicates. These are abrasive substances, which wear down the incisors as the horse tears at the grass stalks. Hay-fed horses do not need to use their incisors in the same way, with the result that these do not get worn down and eventually get so long that the horse cannot close its mouth sufficiently to use the molars to grind its food.

All horses could benefit from the services of an equine dentist, although only a small proportion receives them. Even if your vet checks your horse’s teeth every half year, the chances are very high that there are points on the outside of the upper premolars and molars which are causing either constant discomfort or digging ulcerations in the cheeks. A thorough oral examination requires the use of a full-mouth speculum and a mild sedative or relaxant.

The most discerning owners tend to call in a specialized dentist as standard procedure, because it can improve a horse's performance dramatically and prolong active life for up to a decade. Dental work always improves the horse's digestion, and better food uptake means better performance. Over and above that, a surprising proportion of horses suffer from tooth maladies which affect the way they take the bit. A tendency to resist turning in a particular direction is, for example, a strong indication that the horse has some kind of problem on that side of its mouth. If turning is uncomfortable, the horse is going to act up. It may be simply a question of getting the bit to sit more comfortably to cause an immediate change in the behavior of the horse.

Many horses have persistent problems which cause uneven eating, distortions of facial muscle development and a build-up of pressure, which in turn can lead to constant headaches. When the horse first experiences relief from this, typically during the first session of dental treatment, under mild sedation, the effects can be dramatic. Have you ever seen a horse smile?

Friction can arise between dental practitioners and standard vets, who have very different approaches to dental problems. Typically, a vet is called in to file down teeth when they become long, but tends to do so in a very uniform manner, which does not take into account the natural variations in the horse's own way of grinding, or the angles of the teeth necessary for comfortable eating. Incorrect filing can radically change the angle of impact and effectively prevent the horse from eating.

There is unfortunately no accredited certification program for equine dentistry through veterinary organizations. Ironically, only veterinary practitioners are legally empowered to practice equine dentistry, although many are not capable of the most basic form of it. Vets sometimes act in conjunction with a highly specialized and trained lay-dentist. The equine dentists themselves are a rare breed. Because of the problems they are up against in terms of training programs and chances to practice freely, they tend to be fierce animal lovers with a high commitment to their chosen profession and an almost evangelical passion to spread the word. There is a worldwide network of practitioners, who are in constant consultation for problem-solving and sharing new techniques and findings. A visit from and equine dentist can be as rewarding an experience for the owner as it is for the horse.

Taking Care Of A Black Labrador Puppy


It is a joyful event when a family brings home a new puppy. Deciding what kind of dog to bring home can be extremely difficult. The Labrador retriever has been known to be a very good choice as a family dog. When considering what kind of puppy to get, a black Labrador puppy would work well with a family. These dogs also have few health problems and provide a lifetime of companionship. A black Labrador puppy is a smart choice.

Traits Of A Black Labrador Puppy

The Labrador retriever is known as one of the more mellow breeds of dogs. For the owner that does not want to put up with too many problems, this is the kind of dog they will love. Labradors also have a great track with children. The owner can feel safe leaving the dog alone with children. As far as bringing home a dog that will work well in a family atmosphere a Labrador retriever would be a perfect match.

As with all puppies, there are good things and some less desirable things. In the case of a dog like the black Labrador puppy, it will eat whatever is put in front of it. This is true for all variations and ages of this breed. Therefore, the owner must monitor what the dog is eating and make sure it does not overeat. Overeating can result in various health problems.

These dogs are also known for their high energy. An owner must be willing to spend time outside with it and be willing to play catch with a ball or Frisbee for long periods of time. The exercise that this dog gets outside is what keeps it in shape and helps it to remain healthy. By playing the aforementioned games of catch or taking it for a walk the Labrador puppy will be healthy and feel loved. A black Labrador puppy will have an added level of energy and the owner must be ready for that.

A black Labrador puppy is an ideal dog for people with a family. It is also a coveted dog for people who spend lots of time outdoors and for hunters. A potential owner must weigh these traits and determine if this is the right dog for them because in the long run that will ultimately decide the happiness of both the owner and the dog.

German Shepherd Breeders


The German Shepherd dog breed was registered in the herding group by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1911. Though German Shepherds are descended from sheep herding dogs, they perform many other functions today. German Shepherds are one of the most utilitarian dog breeds in the world.

The first German Shepherd was named Hektor. A dog fancier and German cavalry captain named Max von Stephanitz saw Hektor at a dog show and found him to be an excellent example of a German sheepdog. Stephanitz, who would be the first of many German Shepherd breeders, renamed Hektor as Horand von Grafath and founded the German Shepherd Dog Club in 1899 with the intention of maintaining the inherent traits of the first German Shepherd.

German Shepherds have been bred to retain both their intelligence and utility. Stephanitz also bred the Shepherd to retain its wolf-like appearance. The breed has many strengths including fierce loyalty, trainability, and ability to multi-task. German Shepherd breeders may specialize in training this breed in any of the above areas. It is very important that German Shepherds begin life in an environment in which they receive stimulation, attention, discipline and training. Because of their very nature, great care goes into raising German Shepherds to be smart and socialized working dogs. Reputable German Shepherd breeders raise dogs in their own kennels and encourage buyers to visit and get to know both the purebred puppy they are buying and its mother. Good breeders specialize in only one or two breeds and are affiliated with the American Kennel Club and dog rescue centers. German Shepherd breeders are involved in training and competition programs with their Shepherds.

German Shepherd breeders will provide not only registration papers and certification of ancestry (preferably American Kennel Club certified) but also medical records showing evidence of health and immunization. These documents are necessary to determine whether a buyer is getting a purebred, healthy German Shepherd. There are many illicit breeders in the market to make money with little regard for the dogs they are breeding. These bad breeders often are puppy brokers as well, meaning they sell dogs that they may have never even seen. Worse are breeders who run puppy mills, which churn out litters but in poor conditions with little socialization.

Sure-fire signs of bad German Shepherd breeders include the fact that they only sell puppies over the Internet, they have no physical kennel of their own or only broker puppies, they ask for a non-refundable down payment before the litter is born, they do not plan to keep one of the litter, They claim to have a kennel but will not allow a buyer to visit and they have many dogs for sale at one time. Bad breeders also cannot provide adequate registration or certification paperwork, cannot provide medical record information or refer you to only their" veterinarian, and they don't ask the buyer questions about their household. They do not care where their puppies are going. Good German Shepherd breeders have the opposite qualities of the above. Additionally, they are affiliated with other agencies and rescue centers that help promote and care for the breed. Most importantly, good breeders love the breed they raise!

Tuesday, December 22, 2009

Feeding Birds in the Winter


The impact of removing trees and hedgerows and building in the countryside has had a major impact on birds’ natural food sources and it particularly noticeable during the winter months.

Although rowan, hawthorn and yews may look as though they are abundant with berries there isn’t enough to go round. More and more birds rely on humans to supply extra food to them during the cold weather and are venturing into more urban errors to find this food.

There are a number of different types of food you can feed birds either putting on tables or in feeders or you can scatter some on the ground or in special trays for ground feeders.

Seed mixes are nutrient rich and can be specially formulated for one species or you can buy more general mixes that will attract all types of bird. Niger seed is becoming more popular in the UK because it attracts goldfinches and people appreciate their colorful displays as they flock to the feeders.

Make sure you buy your seed mix from a reputable supplier and use seed mixes for wild birds rather than caged or aviary birds.

Animal fat such as suet is an excellent treat for birds in the winter as gives them an instant energy boost as well as allowing birds to build up a fat reserve to see them through the freezing nights.

You can make your own fat feeders by filling old plastic containers such as yoghurt pots or drinks bottles with a mixture of suet, seeds and dried fruit or you can buy special fat balls or suet blocks from bird food suppliers.

Do not use hooks or nets when hanging your fat feeders as they can be harmful to birds if they get caught up in them.

Don’t throw away your kitchen scraps but put them out for birds. They will eat unsalted bacon, mild cheese, soaked dried fruit, cooked rice and nuts. In winter it is fine to put out whole nuts as there are no fledglings about who could choke on them.

It is also important that you put out fresh supplies of water in the winter as birds’ usual sources may be frozen over . You may see birds splashing about in the water but don’t worry about them getting cold. As well as water for drinking they need it for cleaning themselves.

Check that your bird bath’s water hasn’t frozen in the night and you can add a bird friendly disinfectant to it to prevent the spread of disease.

Feeding birds can encourage rats so whichever food you choose to put out for birds make sure that you keep feeding areas clean. Sweep up old food and use a scraper to remove dried food and droppings from your bird table.

By feeding birds during the winter you will not only be doing your bit for conservation but you will have the pleasure of seeing many birds visit your garden at a time of year when gardens can be quite dull.

Dog eye discharge


Ocular discharge in dogs may be associated with sleepers in the eye which is usually the result of the self cleaning action of the eyes to get rid of the accumulated foreign matter. However, if the dog eye discharge continues throughout the day then there may be something that you need to worry about. The abnormal eye discharge is usually a sign of eye infection or other dog health problems, especially when it is accompanied by symptoms such as yellowish-green eye mucoid like or bloody eye discharge and irritation or puffiness around the eyes. Here is a look at some of the possible causes of eye discharge in dogs.

Dog Eye Discharge Causes

There are a number of canine eye diseases that may trigger off dog eye discharge. White, yellow or brown colored ocular discharge is usually an indication of some dog health problem or eye infection. The most common causes of dog eye discharge include:
  • Cherry eye or the prolapse of the tear gland of the third eyelid which is caused by the weakness of the connective tissue attaching the glands to the eyelids
  • Allergies
  • Eyelid defects
  • Conjunctivitis or dog pink eye results in inflammation of the mucous membrane and tissues of the eyes caused by bacterial or viral infections, allergies or trauma to the eyes
  • Dry eyes (Keratoconjunctivitis sicca) results in insufficient tear production to keep the eyes lubricated leading to the accumulation of dirt and bacteria in the eyes which can foster infections
  • Glaucoma in dogs is caused by the increased pressure on the eyes that is usually the result an imbalance in the drainage and production of aqueous humor. This condition may lead to blindness in dogs
  • Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea)
  • Obstruction of tear drainage ducts
  • Excessive tear production
  • Corneal ulcer in dogs
  • Entropion (Inversion of the eyelids)
  • Blepharitis (inflammation of eyelids)
  • Lens luxation (displacement)
  • Trauma and injury to the eye
  • Tumors of the eyes
  • Infection of different parts of the eye (e.g. the eye surface, the cornea, the eyelids, the iris)
  • Infection of the roots of the back upper teeth
The color should be an indication of the cause of the dog eye discharge. Yellow colored discharge is usually associated with conditions such as dry eyes while brown stained discharge may indicate clogged or obstructed tear drainage ducts. More on dog eye problems.

Dog Eye Discharge Treatment

The treatment for dog eye discharge consists of a complete examination of the eyelids, cornea, conjunctiva, the front and back chambers of the eye and cytology. Based on the diagnostic tests the doctor may recommend eye drops or other cures for the eyes. To treat the dog eye discharge at home, you can use these simple dog eye discharge home remedies. More on dog eye infection home remedies.

Saturday, December 19, 2009

Blindness In Dogs

The causes of blindness in dogs may range from dog illnesses and diseases to inherited causes or even to eye injuries. There are a number of canine eye diseases that cause blindness in dogs. Here is a list of some of the common dog health problems that might result in blindness.
  • Glaucoma in dogs
  • Retinal inflammation and infection
  • Retinal detachment
  • Corneal disease
  • Canine cataracts
  • Anterior and posterior uveitis
  • Optic nerve diseases
  • Diseases affecting occipital cortex
  • Injuries and eye tumors
It is observed that dogs suffering from diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure or Cushing's disease are increasingly prone to suffering from cataracts or the development of white opacity in the eye lens. An untreated eye infection or strokes are some dog eye problems that result in temporary or permanent blindness. Dogs in their old age may suffer from hazy vision or complete eye blindness. Certain diseases such as glaucoma and uvetis may be painful for the dogs and may thus necessitate an eye surgery.

In addition to these diseases it is observed that certain dog breeds are prone to suffering from eye disorders and blindness. For example retinal atrophy, a disease that causes the retina to deteriorate affects Collies, Poodles, Schnauzers and Cocker Spaniels more than the other breeds. Similarly, retinal dysplasia affects Labrador retrievers and beagles, thus resulting in the displacement of the retina and blindness in specific dog breeds.

Blindness in Dogs: Symptoms
The onset of blindness in dogs is difficult to point out as the other senses of the dog are acute enough to compensate for the blindness. However, you may need to watch out for symptoms or changes in dog behavior such as clumsiness and bumping into things, inability to locate the food bowl, startled easily, loss of interactive behavior and confusion in strange surroundings. Most of the times the dog would be quite inattentive and just stay rooted to a spot. If the onset of the vision loss was a gradual one then most probably the dog would have no problems in adjusting to the familiar surroundings. However, in case of a sudden vision loss, dogs have less time to adapt and may therefore appear disoriented and confused. In such a case it is best to take your dog to a veterinarian for immediate treatment.

Blindness in Dogs: Treatment
For diagnosing the vision loss, veterinarians may recommend diagnostic procedures consisting of complete physical, neurological and opthalmic examination. Other diagnostic tests include complete blood count, serum tests corneal and conjunctival cell samples and CAT or MRI scans. Based on the diagnosis the vet may address the cause of the disease and recommend effective treatment.

list of dog eyes problems

Glaucoma
One of the leading causes of blindness in dogs is glaucoma. It is caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. This, in turn, is caused by improper drainage or accumulation of aqueous humor in the eyes. It is quite easy to recognize glaucoma in dogs. The dog frequently rubs his eyes with his paw or against some hard object. Secondly, the affected eye protrudes out. Thirdly, there is a marked dilation in the pupil and delay in its reaction to light. Fourthly, there is an increase in the number of blood vessels in the affected eye and finally, the eye is painful and makes the dog blink it at an increased frequency.

Scleritis
The white outer coating of the eye is known as sclera and the condition of inflamed sclera is called scleritis. It is mostly caused by some underlying parasitic diseases. The most common among them is toxoplasmosis or lyme disease in dogs. Scleritis usually affects the eye and the most noticeable symptom is the formation of red lumps in the eye. The red, lumpy area is immovable and hard. Scleritis needs immediate veterinary attention as the delay may result in loss of vision.

Cherry Eye
Dogs have a third eyelid that is located at the corner of each eye. It contains tear glands. The gland is invisible and aids in producing tears. The prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid in dogs is called cherry eye. The gland swells and comes out of its normal position.The exact reason behind the origin of cherry eye is unknown but many doctors believe that it occurs due to the weakening of the connective tissue that holds the gland within the enclosed area. It is a common 'young dog' eye problem. The treatment involves surgical replacement of the tear gland.

Nuclear Sclerosis
Cloudiness of the eyes is not always cataracts and can be another disease condition called nuclear sclerosis. It occurs due to a hardening of the lens. As dogs grow older, the lens fiber continues to regenerate. This causes the dense packing of the center. As a result, the lens loses its flexibility. The dog eye problem nuclear sclerosis appears as bluish-gray haziness at the center of the lens. It usually occurs in both the eyes. Fortunately, it does not affect vision. Still, the condition needs to be treated well.

Cataracts
The clouding that develops either in the crystalline or envelope of the eye is known as cataracts. It obstructs the passage of light rays and brings opacity. The opacity may be partial or complete, depending upon the severity of cataracts. The causative factors that lead to cataracts are diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, eye injury, microbial infections, etc. It badly destroys the quality of vision. The medical treatment involves surgical removal of the cataracts. Know more on cataracts in dogs.

Uveitis
The part of the eye that supplies blood to the retina is called uvea and the inflammation of uvea is called uveitis. The inflamed uvea causes the release of proteins in the eye, which in turn results in cloudiness in the eye. There can be several disorders that lead to uveitis in dogs. These are injuries, microbial infections, cataracts, hepatitis virus, tumors, lyme disease, rocky mountain spotted fever, etc.

Distichiasis
The abnormal growth of eyelashes from the orifice of meibomian gland is known as distichiasis. This gland is located at the posterior side of the tarsal plate. It occurs when two eyelashes originate from a single follicle. Dogs suffer from intense irritation of the eyes as a result of distichiasis.

Thursday, December 10, 2009

Frogs and Toads

Frogs and toads are unique animals that lend themselves to being good pets because of their small size, docile temperament, and minimal needs. Both frogs and toads are amphibious, meaning that they can breathe underwater (by absorbing oxygen directly through their skin) and in the air (through their nostrils and lungs). Because of this ability, they have adapted to a wide range of habitats throughout the world; from deserts, to rainforests, to rivers. Although the difference between frogs and toads is not always a true taxonomic classification, in general, terrestrial species with dry or warty skin are referred to as toads, and aquatic or semi-aquatic species with smooth or moist skin are referred to as frogs.

Special Considerations
Although frogs and toads can make fascinating pets, most species are not very active and can become boring for children or owners hoping for an interactive companion. Most pet species will live from 5-15 years in captivity (large toads may live even longer), so buyers should be aware that they are making a long-term commitment. Many species are sold as small juveniles at pet stores, and some will grow quite a bit larger as they age. In addition, individual species may have quirks such as hibernation, special food requirements, or night-time vocalization that owners may want to research ahead of time.

Due to their sensitive, absorbent skin, frogs and toads need a habitat that can be cleaned thoroughly and frequently – usually an aquarium or terrarium – to remove waste and contaminants. All water must be treated to remove chlorine or heavy metals, and hands should be washed thoroughly before handling the animals to avoid irritating their skin. Unfortunately, with a few exceptions, most frogs and toads are stressed by handling and prefer to be observed rather than touched. Some species may also produce toxins on their skin that can be harmful to humans (as well as curious dogs, cats, or other pets), so hands should always be washed thoroughly after handling, as well.

Food
Pet frogs and toads are carnivorous: they eat insects, worms, and smaller animals. Crickets are cheap and easy to buy at pet supply stores, but since they are not nutritionally complete, they need to be dusted or gut-loaded (fed ahead of time) with nutritional supplements. Mealworms, silk worms, red worms, or other larvae are also commonly used. Some species will eat flies or moths. Large toads may even eat mice (usually purchased frozen from a pet store). Aquatic and semi-aquatic species might eat small fish, if they are available.

Habitat
Amphibians, like reptiles, are ectothermic (cold blooded): their body temperature depends on the temperature of the environment. All species have a preferred optimal temperature range (POT) within which they will be healthiest and most active. Many pet species will do well at room temperature, but some may require a heater or lamp. Heated habitats should always contain a cool or shady area.
With the exception of desert species, most frogs and toads require a relatively humid environment. This is usually achieved by spritzing or misting the habitat regularly (daily or several times a week) and keeping the tank covered. Even if there is plenty of water available to submerge in, frogs may become too dry if the air in their tank is not humid enough. All species require a constant source of water, but not all species need enough to fully submerge – some, such as Pacman Toads and White’s Tree Frogs, may drown if their water is deeper than “wallowing” depth.

Reptile bark, soil, or moss may be used as a substrate in the tank, with round, smooth gravel in aquatic or semi-aquatic areas. Most terrestrial or semi-terrestrial species need a substrate they can burrow into, and sharp or rough gravel can injure their skin. Sand or fine gravel might be eaten and cause intestinal blockage. Live or silk plants, large smooth rocks, and wooden or ceramic ornaments can provide enrichment and shade for the animals.

The Aquatic Tank
Some frogs live their entire life underwater, and their habitat can be set up similar to a simple goldfish tank. Aquarium filtration systems are often used, but there is some controversy about whether the constant vibration is stressful to the frogs. If no filtration is used, the water needs to be changed frequently. Aquatic frogs can be escape artists, so their tanks should always be well-lidded.

African Dwarf Frogs make excellent starter aquatic frogs, as do their much larger cousins the African Clawed Frogs. Juveniles of these species can be difficult to tell apart, so some caution should be used when buying them at pet stores.

The Semi-aquatic Tank
Most species of frogs and toads are semi-aquatic, and prefer an environment with about half land and half water. This can be achieved with large dishes or by placing a divider in the bottom of a tank, with a wood or gravel ramp leading out of the water to a dry bark or soil area.

The Oriental Fire Bellied Toad is a colourful and active species that doesn’t grow too large and is popular among beginners. Fire Bellied Toads can be toxic, so hand-washing after handling is a must. Leopard Frogs are another popular semi-aquatic species. Leopard Frogs will hibernate for a few months in the winter, during which time they will slow down, eat less, and prefer slightly cooler temperatures.

The Terrestrial Tank
Some species spend almost their entire lives on dry land. For these species, a single dish of fresh water, just deep enough to sit in, is sufficient. The substrate should be suitable for burrowing.

The Sonoran Desert Toad is a terrestrial species that is prohibited in some areas due to the toxin it produces. When stressed, it secretes enough venom to kill a dog or a cat. It is also a very long-lived species, and has been known to live almost 40 years.

The Arboreal Tank
The most popular arboreal (tree-dwelling) species are the tropical tree-frogs. The Green Tree Frog is a commonly sold and very popular species. Although they are much hardier than the more colourful Poison Dart Frogs, they are still very sensitive to handling and do best as a display-only pet. White’s Tree Frogs are less active but by far some of the hardiest tree-frogs available, and more suitable for a small amount of handling.

High humidity is essential for these species, and although a dish of fresh water should always be available, they often “drink” only by licking droplets of moisture from the glass tank and plants. The tank set-up consists mainly of vertical foliage (often, wooden branches with silk or live plants), and, as with all frog tanks, care should be taken to ensure the animals cannot escape.

Bloat in dogs

Several times a week I receive a phone call from someone whose dog has died of bloat. Usually my role is to provide a sympathetic ear and assure the callers that there was nothing they could have changed to prevent the incident. Our current knowledge of bloat does not allow us to identify specific events that trigger an acute episode in susceptible dogs, although some form of "stress" was probably involved. One of our long-term research objectives is to better define what constitutes stress for dogs and to measure their physiological response to it. However, the primary goal of the research is to determine why some dogs are more susceptible to bloat than others, i.e., what are the risk factors for bloat. This has led to studies of the physical conformation of dogs, their diet, vaccination histories, and even to new ways to evaluate a dog's temperament and personality.

The overall bloat fatality rate approaches 30% for dogs with a dilated, rotated stomach. Approximately half of the dogs that die with a rotated stomach will do so before veterinary medical or surgical treatment is obtained. Dogs may be found dead or die on the way to the hospital, or may be euthanized by the veterinarian because of their poor prognosis or the owner's financial considerations. In contrast, dogs properly treated have [greater than] 80% probability of surviving a bloat episode and then leading a normal life. Veterinarians over the past 2 decades have reduced dramatically the postoperative fatality rate from gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) from [greater than]50% to [less than]20% by using improved therapy for shock, safer anesthetic agents, and better surgical techniques.

Too often, however, owners of dogs that died of bloat tell me that they had recognized that the dog had a serious problem and rushed the dog to a veterinarian, only to be told that it was probably only a "belly ache," or that the dog's stomach was dilated, but not rotated. Sometimes the veterinarian recognized dilatation, but not a rotation (volvulus, torsion), passed a stomach tube to relieve the pressure, and sent the dog home. Or the dog was diagnosed as having dilatation and rotation, and a stomach tube was passed to relieve the pressure, but surgery (gastropexy) to permanently correct the rotation was delayed, either because the dog was thought to be too ill to withstand the surgery, or the veterinarian was not adequately equipped or prepared at the time to perform the operation. The latter may occur if the veterinarian is in the midst of busy office hours or if -- especially at night -- there is insufficient technical help available to properly perform the surgery, which requires careful administration of anesthesia, appropriate fluid therapy, and close monitoring of the dog's vital signs.

Numerous clinical reports from Europe and the United States show that gastropexy to prevent gastric rotation should be performed as soon as possible following stomach decompression on all dogs with gastric dilatation, whether or not the stomach is thought to be rotated at the time. The recurrence rate of gastric volvulus in dogs treated for bloat conservatively, i.e., without surgery, approaches 100%, whereas the recurrence rate following gastropexy is [less than]5%. The stomach of a dog that has had a gastropexy can still dilate, but it is unlikely to rotate, so if dilatation does occur after gastropexy, it can probably be treated conservatively.

What does all this mean to you? If your dog suddenly develops a distended abdomen, appears uncomfortable, and gets progressively worse, rush the dog to a veterinarian, preferably one equipped to do emergency surgery. Gastric distention is a life-threatening condition, even if the stomach has not rotated. Immediate decompression is required to relieve pressure on blood vessels and to restore circulation to the heart, because shock can occur within minutes of the first clinical signs. Fluid therapy is indicated to treat shock, and drugs may be needed if the heart rhythm is irregular. This should be followed as soon as possible by surgery to reposition and immobilize (gastropexy) the stomach before it is irreversibly damaged. The best indicators of how well the dog will do postoperatively are its physical condition (state of shock) prior to surgery and the appearance of the stomach during surgery (since dead or dying stomach tissue implies a very poor prognosis). Intensive monitoring is usually required for several days postoperatively in case complications occur.

If you suspect your dog has bloat, but the veterinarian dismisses it as a minor problem, inquire about radiographs to rule out GDV. If dilatation with or without volvulus is diagnosed and the stomach is decompressed, either by passing a stomach tube or by piercing the stomach with a large needle (trochar) passed through the body wall, the dog should be considered as a candidate for immediate surgery, unless its condition is too unstable to tolerate anesthesia. If the veterinarian recommends that surgery be delayed for any other reason, seek a second opinion immediately. Delay in surgery will increase the chance of the stomach rotating if it hasn't already, or will decrease the chance of the dog surviving if rotation has occurred.

Following is an excerpt of a letter that illustrates some of these points. "I noticed Kelly [an Irish Setter] attempting to vomit with nothing coming up. Grass? Chicken bone? I watched her and we continued to walk. She was happy and greeted people, wagging her tail, ... and had fun. We went home and Kelly went upstairs where she attempted to vomit several times. I immediately called my vet. Kelly and I arrived at the veterinarian's office within five minutes of the phone call. I told the veterinarian that Kelly had vomited two or three times with nothing coming up. I said that she looked a little broad around the ribs. The veterinarian did a physical examination and concluded that Kelly's problem was just a "stomach ache." ... I was directed to give her Pepto Bismol®. I took Kelly home and she lay down on the bed. About 45 minutes later she went out to the back yard. When I went out 10 minutes later, I found her bloated up. I grabbed her, took her back to the veterinary hospital, but she died on the operating table." (Comment: There is no guarantee that if radiographs had been taken during the first veterinary visit, Kelly's outcome would have been different. However, radiographs might have confirmed the presence of gastric dilatation or volvulus, and thus the need for immediate gastric decompression and surgery.) Be prepared -- Teamwork between you and your veterinarian is your dog's best hope when it comes to bloat.